Chemistry {industrial chemistry} can be about flows and heat.
industrial processes
Work needed depends on material viscosity, density, friction, pressure, and temperature. Work moves, compresses, mixes, separates, pumps, or conveys materials. Chemical-transport work uses blowers, compressors, pumps, pipes, and conveyors. Separations and purifications use adsorption, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, filtering, electrostatics, evaporation, absorption, solvent extraction, drying, leaching, flotation, gelling, zone melting, settling, centrifugation, and cycloning.
flow
Chemical processes involve material flow from containers into reaction vessels, heat or work added to, or subtracted from, reaction vessels to cause chemical reactions or separations, and product flow from reaction vessels into containers.
flow: measurement
Devices that measure flows include constriction devices {Venturi tube, flow} {orifice plate} {rotometer} {pitot tube}, velocity devices {magnetic flowmeter}, and displacement devices {turbine flowmeter} {wet test meter}.
flow: types
Chemical processes {plug-flow reactor} (PFR) can use amounts {plug, flow} at a time {batch processing, chemical} in reaction vessels. Chemical processes {continuous stirred tank reactor} (CSTR) can have continuous material flow {continuous processing} in reaction vessels.
flow: reaction rate
Flow rate, reaction-vessel size, reaction time allowed, temperature, and catalysts control chemical-reaction rates.
heat transfer
Heat is either generated or needed {heat transfer}. Heat transfers can recover wasted heat, add needed heat, or cool reaction vessels. Heat transfers can cause chemical reactions, change reaction rates, protect equipment, change flow rates, or separate materials. Heat transfers can use countercurrent heat exchangers.
Heat transfer typically uses a pipe system, in which cold fluid flows by warm fluid and warm fluid flows by cold fluid {countercurrent heat exchanger}.
Chemical processes involve heat and work controls {energy balance}. Volume changes, from pressure changes, and heat flows are the most-important factors in calculating energy balance.
Chemical processes involve control of input and output amounts, which are equal {material balance}. Input is reactants and catalysts. Output is products, wastes, residues, and leftover reactants. Chemical process must control flammable or explosive materials.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225